Transfer pricing

• Tax-Code of RM. Tranfer pricing  
• Tranfer pricing - Concepts
• Order of the MF RM 9/2024  
• Extract from the Order of the MF 9/2024
• Service - Transfer Pricing Data in Moldova
• OECD - Moldova. Transfer Prices
• OECD - Transfer Pricing Guidelines  
• OECD Abbreviations and acronyms
• OECD - Glossary  

What is Transfer Pricing (international)?

Transfer prices - Moldova. Details

Transfer pricing refers to the prices of goods and services that are exchanged between companies under common control. For example, if a subsidiary company sells goods or renders services to its holding company or a sister company, the price charged is referred to as the transfer price.

Entities under common control refer to those that are ultimately controlled by a single parent corporation. Multinational corporations (MNC) use transfer pricing as a method of allocating profits or Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) among their various subsidiaries within the organization.

Transfer pricing is a complicated and time-consuming methodology.

Example

Consider ABC Co., a U.S.-based pen company manufacturing pens at a cost of 10 cents each in the U.S. ABC Co.’s subsidiary in Canada, XYZ Co., sells the pens to Canadian customers at $1 per pen and spends 10 cents per pen on marketing and distribution. The group’s total profit amounts to 80 cents per pen.

Now, ABC Co. will charge a transfer price of between 20 cents and 80 cents per pen to its subsidiary. In the absence of transfer price regulations, ABC Co. will identify where tax rates are lowest and seek to put more profit in that country. Thus, if U.S. tax rates are higher than Canadian tax rates, the company is likely to assign the lowest possible transfer price to the sale of pens to XYZ Co.

Arm's Length Principle

Article 9 of the OECD Model Tax Convention describes the rules for the Arm’s Length Principle. It states that transfer prices between two commonly controlled entities must be treated as if they are two independent entities, and therefore negotiate at arm’s length.

The Arm’s Length Principle is based on real markets and provides a single international standard of tax computation, which enables various governments to collect their share of taxes and at the same time creates enough provisions for MNCs to avoid double taxation

Benefits of Transfer Pricing

• Transfer pricing helps in reducing duty costs by shipping goods into countries with high tariff rates by using low transfer prices so that the duty base of such transactions is lowered.
• Reducing income and corporate taxes in high tax countries by overpricing goods that are transferred to countries with lower tax rates helps companies obtain higher profit margins.

Risks

• Lots of additional costs are incurred in terms of time and manpower required in executing transfer prices and maintaining a proper accounting system to support them.
• It gets difficult to establish prices for intangible items such as services rendered, which are not sold externally.
• There can be disagreements within the divisions of an organization regarding the policies on pricing and transfer.
• Sellers and buyers perform different functions and, thus, assume different types of risks. For instance, the seller may refuse to provide a warranty for the product. But the price paid by the buyer would be affected by the difference.